This is part 2 on OpenAI’s Security Research Conference. Here is part 1.

People have built incredibly capable autonomous systems already. Some under the umbrella of AIxCC, and some independently. These systems are discovering vulnerabilities in Open Source projects, pen-testing web services, crafting patches. XBOW is now first in the HackerOne US leaderboard. OpenAI’s Aardvark found vulns in major OSS projects, with their security research team validating and reporying the bugs. “Aardvarks eat bugs”. Perhaps this openssh bug? AIxCC semifinalists have built systems that don’t stop at findings bugs, they patch (most of) them.

Most powerful results were demonstrated on visible source code and nudgeable APIs. We’ve seen AI reason over an entire codebase, hone in on auth-related classes, get confused and pigeonholed, reason out of it (edit: found it). While initial intuitions relied on traditional static analysis and fuzzing to guide AI, some of these are now set aside. As Dave Aitel put it in his keynote, the LLM understands and reasons rather than scans. Bugs are miscommunications in LLM’s native language – code.

The people building these impressive systems are not focused on training models (tho say its the next step). The are building scaffolding – software that uses LLMs in just the right way to squeezes maximum value. They spend their time experimenting with context. Is it better to chuck in the entire codebase? The current location with 100 lines from each side? 200 lines? Do the outputs of traditional security tools help? They also benchmark models for specific tasks. Finding that just because a model is good for writing code it doesn’t mean that its good for reading it. They create evals that help them track which model is best for a given sub-task as-of-today. On top of building an AI harness, they also have to solve real-world engineering problems. Support an obscure build system. An uncommon language. These challenges seem very similar to those Cursor and other coding assistants have to solve.

These left a very strong impression on me. We are going to see a fundamental change in the analysis systems we build and use. That shift is possible with the models we’ve got today.

While the tech is there, a common theme has been that humans are not ready to leverage it. Code maintainers wouldn’t know what to do with hundreds of vulnerabilities submitted all at once. Reports will eventually include auto-generated patches. But trust in automated systems is low. Human systems (i.e. companies) are complicated and often learn the wrong lesson. AI systems that can find vulns, but more importantly – write patches. Will we apply them?

I think we will, actually. We are pretty adaptive, when we must be.

The conversation around AI is always about vibes. So let’s talk about the vibes at OpenAI’s inaugural Security Research Conference last week.

TL;DR: excitement, inquiry, humbleness.

A few observations stuck with me. Most of these surprised me at the moment, but seem trivial in retrospect.

Walking into a room full of people whose work I’ve devoured for years was intimidating. But everyone was genuinely curious and out to learn from each other. There’s a sense that we are all n00bs trying to figure it out. It’s humbling to see world-class experts step out of their zones and dive into emerging research. Every hallway conversation initiated in fifth gear. Folks were happy to openly share perspectives. They immediately inquired about anything that seemed novel or different from their observations.

Most of the focus was placed on AI for security, not much on security from AI. There was general consensus that prompt injection and hallucinations are a massive security problem. When it came to solutions, most people believed that prompt injection is not a solvable problem. Though some – particularly those who work at AI labs – hinted at ongoing research, and expressed hopes of absorbing most of the problem away from customers. I’ve made the case before why I believe this line of effort is futile, and we need a radically new approach.

The relationship between government and OpenAI was palpable. Observable from friendly relationships, and the strong emphasis on policy conversations relative to security conferences: opening keynote, multiple talks. Most subtly – physical security guards at every corner also gave it away. These left an overwhelming appreciation of what’s at stake at the national level (or even Western level). Last time I sensed that mix of urgency and gravitas I was in uniform.

In government circles, 0day development remains the pinnacle of security research. I almost forgot about that, having spent more than a decade out in industry where we’re still struggling with “the basics”. It explains then why the allure of having AI find 0days is so strong. Its intuitively understood as the ultimate test of intelligence. An exciting goal for both security and AI researchers.

There is a ton of innovation in and around AIxCC, both by contestants and at DARPA. That was expected. I was flabbergasted the first time I learned about CGC. It seemed futuristic and, to be honest, unattainable even though I was learning about it in retrospect. The most exciting thing about AIxCC innovation – they seem to be applicable to all of us right now. I’ll be following the teams very closely from now on. Can’t wait to read the writeups.

People have built incredibly capable autonomous systems already. These systems are discovering vulnerabilities in Open Source projects, pen-testing web services, crafting patches. Rather than relying on traditional security tooling, they lean on the LLMs. As Dave Aitel put it in his keynote, the LLM understands and reasons rather than scans. Bugs are miscommunications in LLM’s native language – code. Incredible results are achieved by combining software engineering and data science skills, no heavy model-training required. There is a general feeling that we’re crossing a chasm and everything is about to change.

I really appreciate OpenAI bringing the community together, and everyone that contributed and shared their perspectives. A huge thank you Dave Aitel, Matt Knight and Ian Brelinsky for throwing a welcoming, super interesting and fun conference!

The InfoSec community is strongest when it can collaborate openly. Few organizations can fend off sophisticated attacks alone—and even they sometimes fail. If we all had to independently discover every malware variant, every vulnerability, every best practice, we wouldn’t get very far. Over time, shared mechanisms emerged: VirusTotal and EDR for malware, CVE for vulnerabilities, standard organizations like OWASP for best practices.

It’s remarkable that we can rely on one another at all. Companies compete fiercely. But their security teams collaborate. That kind of collaboration is not trivial. Nuclear arsenals. Ever-growing marketing budgets. These are places where more collaboration could help—but doesn’t.

So when attackers hijack AI agents through prompt injection, we fall back on what we know: vulnerability disclosure. Vendors launch responsible disclosure programs (which we applaud). They ask researchers to report successful prompt injections privately. The implicit implication: responsible behavior means private reporting, not public sharing.

But there’s a problem, prompt injection can’t be fixed.

Blocking a specific prompt does little to protect users. It creates an illusion of security that leaves users exposed. Ask any AI security researcher: another prompt will surface—often the same day the last one was blocked.

Calling a vulnerability “fixed” numbs defenders, hiding the deeper issue. Anything your agent can do for you, an attacker can do too—once they take control. 

It’s not a bug, it’s a design choice. A tradeoff.

Every AI agent sits somewhere on a spectrum between power and risk. Defenders deserve to know where on that spectrum they are. Open-ended agents like OpenAI Operator and Claude’s Computer Use maximize power, to be used at one’s own peril. AI assistants make different tradeoffs exemplified by their approach to web browsing—each vendor has come up with their own imperfect defense mechanism. Vendors make choices which users are forced to live with.

Prompt injections illustrate those choices. They are not vulnerabilities to be patched. They’re demonstrations. We can’t expect organizations to make informed choices about AI risk without showing visceral examples of what could go wrong. And we can’t expect vendors to hold off powerful capabilities in the name of safety without public scrutiny.

That doesn’t mean vulnerability disclosure has no place in AI. Vendors can make risky choices without realizing it. Mistakes happen. Disclosures should be about the agent’s architecture, not a specific prompt.

Rather than treating prompt injection like a vulnerability, treat it like malware. Malware is an inherent risk of general-purpose operating systems. We don’t treat new malware variants as vulnerabilities. We don’t privately report them to Microsoft or Apple. We publicly share it, as soon as possible, or rather its hash. We don’t claim that malware is “fixed” because one hash made it onto a denylist.

When a vulnerability can be fixed, disclosure helps. But when the risk is inherent to the technology, hiding it only robs users of informed choice.

Naming is powerful. An excellent name does more than frame the problem, it hints at ownership, solutions, and urgency to address it. In a very real sense, they are like equivalence proofs in mathematics–allowing us to apply knowledge from one domain to the other.

When Simon Willison’s prompt injection term got widely accepted, it changed reality for both the AI and security communities. We’re still living in the reality this term has created. But we are also confined by it, unable to mentally escape its comforting prediction.

AI researchers now had a fresh perspective they could leverage and learn from–that of trusted vs contaminated data. The solution of separating data from instructions follows, with excellent work like Instruction-Hierarchy and CaMeL.

Security practitioners had a wealth of experience they could now apply. The hard lessons of SQL injection roared back from the late ’90s. Many of our most senior security leaders have lived through it. They did not need convincing that this is an important problem, nor that this is their problem to solve (with developers). And they knew the solution: establish vulnerability disclosure programs, perform taint analysis to proactively identify issues, advocate for separation of data from instructions.

SQL-injection is a solved problem today, at least in the technical sense–use the right library, don’t use eval-like functions, and you’re covered. Surely, AI labs will figure out a solution to prompt injection down the line. Right?

We have reaped the benefits of the term prompt injection, and we are much better for it. But its ubiquitousness over time can limit our perspective.

We’ve started to conflate The Problem with prompt injection. But prompt injection is not the entire problem. The problem is that AI inherently does not follow instructions, and we act like it does. It follows our goals, an attacker’s goals, or its own internal goals all the same. Attackers exploit this to nudge your AI into accomplishing their goals. So far we know they can do it through prompt injection directly and indirectly by manipulating its environment, and very indirectly planting traps in its training data.

It’s not bad implementation of a particular AI agent. Or a specific model that is just too damn susceptible to attacks (they all are). Faulty system instructions (fancy name for wrapped section of the prompt) are not it either. The entire premise is flawed.

The term prompt injection makes us imagine malicious content coming in and tainting our well-behaved AI. But AI is trained on the internet, remember? The same internet we use, with its digital skyscrapers, dirty gutters and flourishing undergrounds. We’ve become hyper-focused on building a security perimeter around AI (another echo from the ’90s), and forgot to look up and stare at the damned thing–AI is tainted to its core.

I was tempted to end this piece without a suggested alternative. Feeling it would dilute my argument. But making progress requires taking a step forward.

Back at BlackHat USA 2024 I suggested the Remote Copilot Execution (the term Copilot has lost favour since). It has the clear benefit of drawing a parallel to Remote Code Execution, driving up urgency and emphasizing its open-endedness. But the problem remains–RCEs are something bad that happens so well-behaved AI.

I suggest the term AI Hijacking, or AIjacking. It places the emphasis on the outcome we’d like to avoid–attackers hijacking our AI–rather than how they do it.

Hijacking our AI means an attacker can use its access and tools at their disposal. It puts the emphasis on agentic AI. An attacker only needs to hijack the agent’s goal, and the agent figures out how to best use its capabilities to wreak havoc.

This is a boring blog post. At least for humans.